Alloy: Difference between revisions
Jump to navigation
Jump to search
imported>MJBurrage |
imported>MJBurrage |
||
| Line 21: | Line 21: | ||
;Alloy (general) | ;Alloy (general) | ||
<dd> | |||
{| class="tight center c1c" | {| class="tight center c1c" | ||
|- | |- | ||
|style="padding-top:.8em;" rowspan=2| 𝜌<sub>Alloy</sub> | |style="padding-top:.8em;" rowspan=2 class=p0| 𝜌<sub>Alloy</sub> | ||
|style="padding-top:.8em;" rowspan=2| = | |style="padding-top:.8em;" rowspan=2| = | ||
|style="border-bottom:1px solid black;"|<!-- N --> 1 | |style="border-bottom:1px solid black;"|<!-- N --> 1 | ||
| Line 53: | Line 54: | ||
|}<!-- End D --> | |}<!-- End D --> | ||
|} | |} | ||
</dd> | |||
;Au-Ag: 𝜌<sub>Au-Ag</sub> = 𝜌Au 𝑤Au + 𝜌Ag 𝑤Ag − 4 exp(0.005 𝑤Au) 𝑤Au 𝑤Ag | |||
{| class="tight center c1c" | ;Au-Cu: 𝜌<sub>Au-Cu</sub> = 𝜌Au 𝑤Au + 𝜌Cu 𝑤Cu − 5 exp(0.01 𝑤Au) 𝑤Au 𝑤Cu | ||
;Ag-Cu: 𝜌<sub>Ag-Cu</sub> = 𝜌Ag 𝑤Ag + 𝜌Cu 𝑤Cu − 0.12 exp(0.02 𝑤Cu) 𝑤Ag 𝑤Cu | |||
;Au-Ag-Cu: 𝜌<sub>Au-Ag-Cu</sub> = 1.004 𝑎𝑡٪Au 𝜌Au + 1.03 𝑎𝑡٪Ag 𝜌Ag + 0.096 𝑎𝑡٪Cu 𝜌Cu + x − y | |||
:: x = 0.35 ( cos(45+0.45 𝑎𝑡٪Au) + cos(45+0.45 𝑎𝑡٪Ag) + sin(𝑎𝑡٪Au) ) | |||
:: y = 0.005 (𝑎𝑡٪Au+𝑎𝑡٪Ag) cos(0.9 𝑎𝑡٪Cu) + 0.2 cos(3.2 𝑎𝑡٪Cu) | |||
::{| class="tight center c1c" | |||
|- | |- | ||
|style="vertical-align:middle;" rowspan=2| 𝑎𝑡٪ᴍ₁ | |style="vertical-align:middle;" rowspan=2 class=p0| 𝑎𝑡٪ᴍ₁ | ||
|style="vertical-align:middle;" rowspan=2| = | |style="vertical-align:middle;" rowspan=2| = | ||
|style="border-bottom:1px solid black;"|<!-- N --> | |style="border-bottom:1px solid black;"|<!-- N --> | ||
| Line 92: | Line 99: | ||
|}<!-- End D --> | |}<!-- End D --> | ||
|} | |} | ||
::-- | |||
; | |||
;Crown gold: | ;Crown gold: | ||
Revision as of 17:04, 29 October 2018
An alloy is a combination of metals or of metals and other elements.
Examples
- Crown gold
- A 22 karat (kt) gold alloy used for English & UK gold coins from 1526 (Henry VIII) to 1914 (as currency), and since then for trade and bullion coins. (22⁄24 gold, 2⁄24 copper)
- Sterling silver
- A 925 fine silver alloy used for English & UK silver coins from before 1158 (Henry II) to 1919. (92.5% silver, 7.5% copper)
- Britannia silver
- An 11 ℥ 10 ʤ silver alloy required in England for “wrought plate” (non-monetary silversmithing) from 1697–1720 to inhibit coin clipping and melting. (23⁄24 silver, 1⁄24 copper)
- coin-silver (US)
- A 900 fine silver alloy used for US coins from 1792 to 1964.
Density
- ᴍ = material constituent
- 𝜌 = density (i.e. g/㎝³)
- 𝐴ᵣ = atomic weight
- 𝑤 = mass fraction (i.e. 9⁄10, .900 or 90%)
- 𝑎𝑡٪ = atomic percent
- Alloy (general)
| 𝜌Alloy | = | 1 | |||||||||||
|
- Au-Ag
- 𝜌Au-Ag = 𝜌Au 𝑤Au + 𝜌Ag 𝑤Ag − 4 exp(0.005 𝑤Au) 𝑤Au 𝑤Ag
- Au-Cu
- 𝜌Au-Cu = 𝜌Au 𝑤Au + 𝜌Cu 𝑤Cu − 5 exp(0.01 𝑤Au) 𝑤Au 𝑤Cu
- Ag-Cu
- 𝜌Ag-Cu = 𝜌Ag 𝑤Ag + 𝜌Cu 𝑤Cu − 0.12 exp(0.02 𝑤Cu) 𝑤Ag 𝑤Cu
- Au-Ag-Cu
- 𝜌Au-Ag-Cu = 1.004 𝑎𝑡٪Au 𝜌Au + 1.03 𝑎𝑡٪Ag 𝜌Ag + 0.096 𝑎𝑡٪Cu 𝜌Cu + x − y
- x = 0.35 ( cos(45+0.45 𝑎𝑡٪Au) + cos(45+0.45 𝑎𝑡٪Ag) + sin(𝑎𝑡٪Au) )
- y = 0.005 (𝑎𝑡٪Au+𝑎𝑡٪Ag) cos(0.9 𝑎𝑡٪Cu) + 0.2 cos(3.2 𝑎𝑡٪Cu)
𝑎𝑡٪ᴍ₁ = 𝑤ᴍ₁ 𝐴ᵣᴍ₁ 𝑤ᴍ₁ 𝐴ᵣᴍ₁ + 𝑤ᴍ₂ 𝐴ᵣᴍ₂ + 𝑤ᴍ₃ 𝐴ᵣᴍ₃ + ⋯ - --
- Crown gold
g/cm³ 17.607 ℔/in³ 0.6361 ℔/ft³ 1099.2 - Crown gold
17.606787714237
- Fine gold
17.303181909145
References
- Kraut, J.C.; Stern, W.B. (June 2000) “The Density of Gold-Silver-Copper Alloys and its Calculation from the Chemical Composition”. Gold Bulletin, Vol. 33, Iss. 2, pp. 52–55. Springer-Verlag. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03216580.