Alloy: Difference between revisions

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Revision as of 15:51, 29 October 2018

An alloy is a combination of metals or of metals and other elements.

Examples

Crown gold: A 22 karat (kt) gold alloy used for English & UK gold coins from 1526 (Henry VIII) to 1914 (as currency), and since then for trade and bullion coins. (‌²²⁄₂₄ gold, ‌²⁄₂₄ copper)

Sterling silver: A 925 fine silver alloy used for English & UK silver coins from before 1158 (Henry II) to 1919. (92.5% silver, 7.5% copper)
Britannia silver: An 11 ℥ 10 ʤ silver alloy required in England for “wrought plate” (non-monetary silversmithing) from 1697–1720 to inhibit coin clipping and melting. (‌²³⁄₂₄ silver, ‌¹⁄₂₄ copper)

coin-silver (US): A 900 fine silver alloy used for US coins from 1792 to 1964.

Density

ᴍ = material constituent

𝜌 = density (i.e. g/㎝³)

𝐴ᵣ = atomic weight

𝑤 = mass fraction (i.e. ‌⁹⁄₁₀, .900 or 90%)

𝑎𝑡٪ = atomic percent

Alloy (general)

𝜌_Alloy

=

1

𝑤ᴍ₁

𝜌ᴍ₁

+

𝑤ᴍ₂

𝜌ᴍ₂

+

𝑤ᴍ₃

𝜌ᴍ₃

+

⋯

𝑎𝑡٪ᴍ₁

=

𝑤ᴍ₁

𝐴ᵣᴍ₁

𝑤ᴍ₁

𝐴ᵣᴍ₁

+

𝑤ᴍ₂

𝐴ᵣᴍ₂

+

𝑤ᴍ₃

𝐴ᵣᴍ₃

+

⋯

Au-Ag

𝜌 = 𝜌Au 𝑤Au + 𝜌Ag 𝑤Ag − 4 exp(0.005 𝑤Au) 𝑤Au 𝑤Ag

Au-Cu

𝜌 = 𝜌Au 𝑤Au + 𝜌Cu 𝑤Cu − 5 exp(0.01 𝑤Au) 𝑤Au 𝑤Cu

Ag-Cu

𝜌 = 𝜌Ag 𝑤Ag + 𝜌Cu 𝑤Cu − 0.12 exp(0.02 𝑤Cu) 𝑤Ag 𝑤Cu

Au-Ag-Cu

𝜌 = 1.004 𝑎𝑡٪Au 𝜌Au + 1.03 𝑎𝑡٪Ag 𝜌Ag + 0.096 𝑎𝑡٪Cu 𝜌Cu + x − y

x = 0.35 ( cos(45+0.45 𝑎𝑡٪Au) + cos(45+0.45 𝑎𝑡٪Ag) + sin(𝑎𝑡٪Au) )

y = 0.005 (𝑎𝑡٪Au+𝑎𝑡٪Ag) cos(0.9 𝑎𝑡٪Cu) + 0.2 cos(3.2 𝑎𝑡٪Cu)

Crown gold

g/cm³	17.607
℔/in³	0.6361
℔/ft³	1099.2

Crown gold

17.606787714237

Fine gold

17.303181909145

References

Kraut, J.C.; Stern, W.B. (June 2000) “The Density of Gold-Silver-Copper Alloys and its Calculation from the Chemical Composition”. Gold Bulletin, Vol. 33, Iss. 2, pp. 52–55. Springer-Verlag. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03216580.

@@ Line 128: / Line 128: @@
 ;Fine gold:
 {{#expr: 1 / ( {{{Au|{{{Gold|.90}}}}}}/19.3 + {{{Cu|{{{Copper|.10}}}}}}/8.96 ) }}
-<pre style="tab-size:14;">
- A#	Sy	Element	Density	Alloy
-	H	Hydrogen	 0.00008988	+ {{{H|{{{Hydrogen|0}}}}}}/0.00008988
-	He	Helium	 0.0001786	+ {{{He|{{{Helium|0}}}}}}/0.0001786
-	Li	Lithium	 0.534	+ {{{Li|{{{Lithium|0}}}}}}/0.534
-	Be	Beryllium	 1.85	+ {{{Be|{{{Beryllium|0}}}}}}/1.85
-	B	Boron	 2.08	+ {{{B|{{{Boron|0}}}}}}/2.08
-	C	Carbon	 3.5155	+ {{{C|{{{Carbon|0}}}}}}/3.5155
-d	di	diamond	 3.5155	+ {{{di|{{{diamond|0}}}}}}/3.5155
-g	gr	graphite	 2.267	+ {{{gr|{{{graphite|0}}}}}}/2.267
-	N	Nitrogen	 0.0012504	+ {{{N|{{{Nitrogen|0}}}}}}/0.0012504
-	O	Oxygen	 0.001429	+ {{{O|{{{Oxygen|0}}}}}}/0.001429
-	F	Fluorine	 0.001696	+ {{{F|{{{Fluorine|0}}}}}}/0.001696
-	Ne	Neon	 0.0009002	+ {{{Ne|{{{Neon|0}}}}}}/0.0009002
-	Na	Sodium	 0.968	+ {{{Na|{{{Sodium|0}}}}}}/0.968
-	Mg	Magnesium	 1.738	+ {{{Mg|{{{Magnesium|0}}}}}}/1.738
-	Al	Aluminium	 2.698	+ {{{Al|{{{Aluminium|0}}}}}}/2.698
-	Si	Silicon	 2.329	+ {{{Si|{{{Silicon|0}}}}}}/2.329
-	P	Phosphorus	 1.823	+ {{{P|{{{Phosphorus|0}}}}}}/1.823
-	S	Sulfur	 2.067	+ {{{S|{{{Sulfur|0}}}}}}/2.067
-	Cl	Chlorine	 0.003214	+ {{{Cl|{{{Chlorine|0}}}}}}/0.003214
-	Ar	Argon	 0.0017837	+ {{{Ar|{{{Argon|0}}}}}}/0.0017837
-	K	Potassium	 0.862	+ {{{K|{{{Potassium|0}}}}}}/0.862
-	Ca	Calcium	 1.55	+ {{{Ca|{{{Calcium|0}}}}}}/1.55
-	Sc	Scandium	 2.985	+ {{{Sc|{{{Scandium|0}}}}}}/2.985
-	Ti	Titanium	 4.506	+ {{{Ti|{{{Titanium|0}}}}}}/4.506
-	V	Vanadium	 6	+ {{{V|{{{Vanadium|0}}}}}}/6
-	Cr	Chromium	 7.19	+ {{{Cr|{{{Chromium|0}}}}}}/7.19
-	Mn	Manganese	 7.21	+ {{{Mn|{{{Manganese|0}}}}}}/7.21
-	Fe	Iron	 7.8748	+ {{{Fe|{{{Iron|0}}}}}}/7.8748
-	Co	Cobalt	 8.9	+ {{{Co|{{{Cobalt|0}}}}}}/8.9
-	Ni	Nickel	 8.9117	+ {{{Ni|{{{Nickel|0}}}}}}/8.9117
-	Cu	Copper	 8.9331	+ {{{Cu|{{{Copper|0}}}}}}/8.9331
-	Zn	Zinc	 7.134	+ {{{Zn|{{{Zinc|0}}}}}}/7.134
-	Ga	Gallium	 5.907	+ {{{Ga|{{{Gallium|0}}}}}}/5.907
-	Ge	Germanium	 5.323	+ {{{Ge|{{{Germanium|0}}}}}}/5.323
-	As	Arsenic	 5.727	+ {{{As|{{{Arsenic|0}}}}}}/5.727
-	Se	Selenium	 4.809	+ {{{Se|{{{Selenium|0}}}}}}/4.809
-	Br	Bromine	 3.1028	+ {{{Br|{{{Bromine|0}}}}}}/3.1028
-	Kr	Krypton	 0.003749	+ {{{Kr|{{{Krypton|0}}}}}}/0.003749
-	Rb	Rubidium	 1.532	+ {{{Rb|{{{Rubidium|0}}}}}}/1.532
-	Sr	Strontium	 2.64	+ {{{Sr|{{{Strontium|0}}}}}}/2.64
-	Y	Yttrium	 4.472	+ {{{Y|{{{Yttrium|0}}}}}}/4.472
-	Zr	Zirconium	 6.52	+ {{{Zr|{{{Zirconium|0}}}}}}/6.52
-	Nb	Niobium	 8.57	+ {{{Nb|{{{Niobium|0}}}}}}/8.57
-	Mo	Molybdenum	10.28	+ {{{Mo|{{{Molybdenum|0}}}}}}/10.28
-	Tc	Technetium	11	+ {{{Tc|{{{Technetium|0}}}}}}/11
-	Ru	Ruthenium	12.45	+ {{{Ru|{{{Ruthenium|0}}}}}}/12.45
-	Rh	Rhodium	12.41	+ {{{Rh|{{{Rhodium|0}}}}}}/12.41
-	Pd	Palladium	12.023	+ {{{Pd|{{{Palladium|0}}}}}}/12.023
-	Ag	Silver	10.501	+ {{{Ag|{{{Silver|0}}}}}}/10.501
-	Cd	Cadmium	 8.65	+ {{{Cd|{{{Cadmium|0}}}}}}/8.65
-	In	Indium	 7.31	+ {{{In|{{{Indium|0}}}}}}/7.31
-	Sn	Tin	 7.2867	+ {{{Sn|{{{Tin|0}}}}}}/7.2867
-	Sb	Antimony	 6.697	+ {{{Sb|{{{Antimony|0}}}}}}/6.697
-	Te	Tellurium	 6.24	+ {{{Te|{{{Tellurium|0}}}}}}/6.24
-	I	Iodine	 4.933	+ {{{I|{{{Iodine|0}}}}}}/4.933
-	Xe	Xenon	 0.005894	+ {{{Xe|{{{Xenon|0}}}}}}/0.005894
-	Cs	Caesium	 1.886	+ {{{Cs|{{{Caesium|0}}}}}}/1.886
-	Ba	Barium	 3.51	+ {{{Ba|{{{Barium|0}}}}}}/3.51
-	La	Lanthanum	 6.162	+ {{{La|{{{Lanthanum|0}}}}}}/6.162
-	Ce	Cerium	 6.77	+ {{{Ce|{{{Cerium|0}}}}}}/6.77
-	Pr	Praseodymium	 6.773	+ {{{Pr|{{{Praseodymium|0}}}}}}/6.773
-	Nd	Neodymium	 7.007	+ {{{Nd|{{{Neodymium|0}}}}}}/7.007
-	Pm	Promethium	 7.26	+ {{{Pm|{{{Promethium|0}}}}}}/7.26
-	Sm	Samarium	 7.52	+ {{{Sm|{{{Samarium|0}}}}}}/7.52
-	Eu	Europium	 5.264	+ {{{Eu|{{{Europium|0}}}}}}/5.264
-	Gd	Gadolinium	 7.895	+ {{{Gd|{{{Gadolinium|0}}}}}}/7.895
-	Tb	Terbium	 8.229	+ {{{Tb|{{{Terbium|0}}}}}}/8.229
-	Dy	Dysprosium	 8.54	+ {{{Dy|{{{Dysprosium|0}}}}}}/8.54
-	Ho	Holmium	 8.795	+ {{{Ho|{{{Holmium|0}}}}}}/8.795
-	Er	Erbium	 9.066	+ {{{Er|{{{Erbium|0}}}}}}/9.066
-	Tm	Thulium	 9.321	+ {{{Tm|{{{Thulium|0}}}}}}/9.321
-	Yb	Ytterbium	 6.9	+ {{{Yb|{{{Ytterbium|0}}}}}}/6.9
-	Lu	Lutetium	 9.841	+ {{{Lu|{{{Lutetium|0}}}}}}/9.841
-	Hf	Hafnium	13.31	+ {{{Hf|{{{Hafnium|0}}}}}}/13.31
-	Ta	Tantalum	16.69	+ {{{Ta|{{{Tantalum|0}}}}}}/16.69
-	W	Tungsten	19.25	+ {{{W|{{{Tungsten|0}}}}}}/19.25
-	Re	Rhenium	21.02	+ {{{Re|{{{Rhenium|0}}}}}}/21.02
-	Os	Osmium	22.59	+ {{{Os|{{{Osmium|0}}}}}}/22.59
-	Ir	Iridium	22.56	+ {{{Ir|{{{Iridium|0}}}}}}/22.56
-	Pt	Platinum	21.46	+ {{{Pt|{{{Platinum|0}}}}}}/21.46
-	Au	Gold	19.3±2	+ {{{Au|{{{Gold|0}}}}}}/19.3
-	Hg	Mercury	13.5336	+ {{{Hg|{{{Mercury|0}}}}}}/13.5336
-	Tl	Thallium	11.85	+ {{{Tl|{{{Thallium|0}}}}}}/11.85
-	Pb	Lead	11.342	+ {{{Pb|{{{Lead|0}}}}}}/11.342
-	Bi	Bismuth	 9.78	+ {{{Bi|{{{Bismuth|0}}}}}}/9.78
-	Po	Polonium	 9.297	+ {{{Po|{{{Polonium|0}}}}}}/9.297
-	At	Astatine	 6.35	+ {{{At|{{{Astatine|0}}}}}}/6.35
-	Rn	Radon	 0.00973	+ {{{Rn|{{{Radon|0}}}}}}/0.00973
-	Fr	Francium	 2.9	+ {{{Fr|{{{Francium|0}}}}}}/2.9
-	Ra	Radium	 5.5	+ {{{Ra|{{{Radium|0}}}}}}/5.5
-	Ac	Actinium	10.07	+ {{{Ac|{{{Actinium|0}}}}}}/10.07
-	Th	Thorium	11.72	+ {{{Th|{{{Thorium|0}}}}}}/11.72
-	Pa	Protactinium	15.37	+ {{{Pa|{{{Protactinium|0}}}}}}/15.37
-	U	Uranium	19.1	+ {{{U|{{{Uranium|0}}}}}}/19.1
-	Np	Neptunium	19.915	+ {{{Np|{{{Neptunium|0}}}}}}/19.915
-	Pu	Plutonium	19.816	+ {{{Pu|{{{Plutonium|0}}}}}}/19.816
-	Am	Americium	12	+ {{{Am|{{{Americium|0}}}}}}/12
-	Cm	Curium	13.51	+ {{{Cm|{{{Curium|0}}}}}}/13.51
-	Bk	Berkelium	14.02	+ {{{Bk|{{{Berkelium|0}}}}}}/14.02
-	Cf	Californium	15.1	+ {{{Cf|{{{Californium|0}}}}}}/15.1
-	Es	Einsteinium	 8.84	+ {{{Es|{{{Einsteinium|0}}}}}}/8.84
-	Fm	Fermium	 9.71	+ {{{Fm|{{{Fermium|0}}}}}}/9.71
-	Md	Mendelevium	10.37	+ {{{Md|{{{Mendelevium|0}}}}}}/10.37
-	No	Nobelium	 9.94	+ {{{No|{{{Nobelium|0}}}}}}/9.94
-	Lr	Lawrencium	16.1	+ {{{Lr|{{{Lawrencium|0}}}}}}/16.1
-	Rf	Rutherfordium	23.2	+ {{{Rf|{{{Rutherfordium|0}}}}}}/23.2
-	Db	Dubnium	29.3	+ {{{Db|{{{Dubnium|0}}}}}}/29.3
-	Sg	Seaborgium	35	+ {{{Sg|{{{Seaborgium|0}}}}}}/35
-	Bh	Bohrium	37.1	+ {{{Bh|{{{Bohrium|0}}}}}}/37.1
-	Hs	Hassium	40.7	+ {{{Hs|{{{Hassium|0}}}}}}/40.7
-	Mt	Meitnerium	37.4	+ {{{Mt|{{{Meitnerium|0}}}}}}/37.4
-	Ds	Darmstadtium	34.8	+ {{{Ds|{{{Darmstadtium|0}}}}}}/34.8
-	Rg	Roentgenium	28.7	+ {{{Rg|{{{Roentgenium|0}}}}}}/28.7
-	Cn	Copernicium	23.7	+ {{{Cn|{{{Copernicium|0}}}}}}/23.7
-	Nh	Nihonium	16	+ {{{Nh|{{{Nihonium|0}}}}}}/16
-	Fl	Flerovium	14	+ {{{Fl|{{{Flerovium|0}}}}}}/14
-	Mc	Moscovium	13.5	+ {{{Mc|{{{Moscovium|0}}}}}}/13.5
-	Lv	Livermorium	12.9	+ {{{Lv|{{{Livermorium|0}}}}}}/12.9
-	Ts	Tennessine	 7.2	+ {{{Ts|{{{Tennessine|0}}}}}}/7.2
-	Og	Oganesson	 5	+ {{{Og|{{{Oganesson|0}}}}}}/5
-</pre>
 == References ==

Alloy: Difference between revisions

Revision as of 15:51, 29 October 2018

Examples

Density

References

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