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{| class="tight center"
An '''alloy''' is a combination of metals or of metals and other elements.
|style="padding-top:.67em;" rowspan=3 class=right| Dᴀ
 
|style="padding-top:.67em;" rowspan=3| =
== Examples ==
|style="border-bottom:1px solid black;" colspan=7| 1
;Vanadium steel: Used in early Ford’s.
 
;{{wp|Crown gold}}
: A 22 {{wp|karat|karat (kt)}} ({{frac|916|2|3}} fine) gold alloy used for English & UK gold coins from 1526 (Henry VIII) to 1914 (as currency), and since then for trade and bullion coins. ({{frac|22|24}} gold, {{frac|2|24}} copper)
: 𝜌 = {{alloy|Au=22/24|Cu=2/24}} g/㎝³
 
;“Standard gold” (US)
: A 900 fine gold alloy used for US coins. (90% gold, ≤5% silver, 5-10% copper)
: 𝜌 = {{alloy|Au=.9|Ag=.025|Cu=.075}}±.12 g/㎝³
 
;“Crown electrum” (d20)
: A 4 {{abbr|℥|line1=troy ounce, |line2=1 ℥ = ¹⁄₁₂ ℔ (troy pound)}} {{frac|17|3|4}} {{abbr|ʤ|line1=pennyweight, |line2=1 ʤ = ¹⁄₂₀ ℥ (troy ounce) |line3=1 ʤ = ¹⁄₂₄₀ ℔ (troy pound)}} gold, 6 ℥ 3½ ʤ silver, {{frac|18|3|4}} ʤ copper alloy worth {{frac|2}} of crown gold by weight (presuming that sterling silver is worth {{frac|10}} of crown gold by weight). (i.e. the d20 gold-silver standard)
 
;{{wp|Britannia silver}}
: An 11 {{abbr|℥|line1=troy ounce, |line2=1 ℥ = ¹⁄₁₂ ℔ (troy pound)}} 10 {{abbr|ʤ |line1=pennyweight, |line2=1 ʤ = ¹⁄₂₀ ℥ (troy ounce) |line3=1 ʤ = ¹⁄₂₄₀ ℔ (troy pound)}} (958 fine) silver alloy required in England for “wrought plate” (non-monetary silversmithing) from 1697–1720 to inhibit {{wp|coin clipping}} and melting. ({{frac|23|24}} silver, {{frac|1|24}} copper)
: 𝜌 = {{alloy|Ag=.958333|Cu=.041667}} g/㎝³
 
;{{wp|Sterling silver}}
: An 11 {{abbr|℥|line1=troy ounce, |line2=1 ℥ = ¹⁄₁₂ ℔ (troy pound)}} {{frac|2|1|4}} {{abbr|ʤ |line1=pennyweight, |line2=1 ʤ = ¹⁄₂₀ ℥ (troy ounce) |line3=1 ʤ = ¹⁄₂₄₀ ℔ (troy pound)}} (926 fine) {{wp|fineness|fine}} silver alloy used for English & UK silver coins from before 1158 (Henry II) to 1919. (92.6% silver, 7.4% copper)
: 𝜌 = {{alloy|Ag=.926|Cu=.074}} g/㎝³
 
;“Standard silver” (US)
: A 900 fine silver alloy used for US coins from ____ to 1964. (90% silver, 10% copper)
: 𝜌 = {{alloy|Ag=.9|Cu=.1}} g/㎝³
 
{|
! “Coin gold” (d20)
| 906 fine gold
| {{frac|29|32}} gold, {{frac|3|32}} copper
| 𝜌 = {{alloy|Au=29/32|Cu=3/32}}
|-
! “Coin electrum” (d20)
| 906 fine electrum
| {{frac|25|64}} Au, {{frac|33|64}} Ag, {{frac|3|32}} Cu <!-- {{frac|29|72}} Au, {{frac|145|288}} Ag, {{frac|3|32}} Cu -->
| 𝜌 = {{alloy|Au=25/64|Ag=33/64|Cu=3/32}}
|-
! “Coin silver” (d20)
| 906 fine silver
| {{frac|29|32}} silver, {{frac|3|32}} copper
| 𝜌 = {{alloy|Ag=29/32|Cu=3/32}}
|-
! “Coin copper” (d20)
| 906 fine copper
| {{frac|29|32}} copper, {{frac|3|32}} tin/zinc
| 𝜌 = {{alloy|Cu=29/32|tin=3/64|zinc=3/64}}
|}
 
:1700's katana steel 𝜌 = {{alloy |Fe=0.9933 |C=0.0056 |Mn=0.00005 |Si=0.0002 |P=0.00075 |Cu=0.0001}}
:1500's katana steel 𝜌 = {{alloy |Fe=0.99411 |C=0.005 |Mn=0.00005 |Si=0.0004 |P=0.00034 |Cu=0.0001}}
 
;Alloy steel, AISI 5160 (UNS G51600)<sup>[https://www.azom.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=6743 AZO]</sup>
: {{abbr|97.45%|97.085–97.84%}} iron, {{abbr|0.6%|0.56–0.64%}} carbon, {{abbr|0.8%|0.7–0.9%}} chromium, {{abbr|0.87%|0.75–1.0%}} manganese, {{abbr|0.22%|0.15–0.3%}} silicon, {{abbr|0.03%|≤ 0.035%}} phosphorus, {{abbr|0.03%|≤ 0.04%}} sulfur.
: 𝜌 = {{abbr|7.85| {{alloy |Fe=0.9745 |Mn=0.0087 |Cr=0.008 |C=0.006 |P=0.0003 |Si=0.0022 |S=0.0003}} calculated}}
 
;Tool Steel, A2 (UNS T30102)<sup>[https://www.azom.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=6218 AZO]</sup>
: 90.28% iron, 1% carbon, {{abbr|5.13%|4.75–5.5%}} chromium, 1% manganese, 0.5% silicon, 0.3% nickel, {{abbr|1.15%|0.9–1.4%}} molybdenum, {{abbr|0.33%|0.15–0.5%}} vanadium, 0.25% copper, 0.03% phosphorus, 0.03% sulfur.
: 𝜌 = {{abbr|7.86| {{alloy |Fe=0.9028 |C=0.01 |Mn=0.01 |Si=0.005 |Cr=0.0513 |Ni=0.003 |Mo=0.0115 |V=0.0033 |Cu=0.0025 |P=0.0003 |S=0.0003}} calculated}}
 
=== Density ===
:ᴍ = material constituent
:𝜌 = density (i.e. g/㎝³)
:𝐴ᵣ = atomic weight
:𝑤 = mass fraction (i.e. {{frac|9|10}}, .900 or 90%)
:𝑎𝑡٪ = atomic percent
 
;Alloy (general)
<dd>
{| class="tight center c1c"
|-
|style="padding-top:.8em;" rowspan=2 class=p0| 𝜌<sub>Alloy</sub>
|style="padding-top:.8em;" rowspan=2| =
|style="border-bottom:1px solid black;"|<!-- N --> 1
|-
|<!-- D -->
{| class="tight c1c"
|class=p0|<!-- D1 -->
{| class="tight c1c"
|style="border-bottom:1px solid black;"| 𝑤ᴍ₁
|-
| 𝜌ᴍ₁
|}
|style="vertical-align:middle;"| +
|class=p0|<!-- D2 -->
{| class="tight c1c"
|style="border-bottom:1px solid black;"| 𝑤ᴍ₂
|-
|-
|style="border-bottom:1px solid black;" class=right| %ᴍ₁
| 𝜌ᴍ₂
|style="padding-top:.67em;" rowspan=2| +
|}
|style="border-bottom:1px solid black;" class=right| %ᴍ₂
|style="vertical-align:middle;"| +
|style="padding-top:.67em;" rowspan=2| +
|class=p0|<!-- D3 -->
|style="border-bottom:1px solid black;" class=right| %ᴍ₃
{| class="tight c1c"
|style="padding-top:.67em;" rowspan=2| +
|style="border-bottom:1px solid black;"| 𝑤ᴍ₃
|style="padding-top:.67em;" rowspan=2| ⋯
|-
|-
|class=right| Dᴍ₁
| 𝜌ᴍ₃
|class=right| Dᴍ₂
|class=right| Dᴍ₃
|}
|}
|style="vertical-align:middle;"| +
|style="vertical-align:middle;" class=p0| ⋯
|}<!-- End D -->
|}
</dd>
;Au-Ag: 𝜌<sub>Au-Ag</sub> = 𝜌Au 𝑤Au + 𝜌Ag 𝑤Ag − 4 exp(0.005 𝑤Au) 𝑤Au 𝑤Ag
;Au-Cu: 𝜌<sub>Au-Cu</sub> = 𝜌Au 𝑤Au + 𝜌Cu 𝑤Cu − 5 exp(0.01 𝑤Au) 𝑤Au 𝑤Cu
;Ag-Cu: 𝜌<sub>Ag-Cu</sub> = 𝜌Ag 𝑤Ag + 𝜌Cu 𝑤Cu − 0.12 exp(0.02 𝑤Cu) 𝑤Ag 𝑤Cu
;Au-Ag-Cu: 𝜌<sub>Au-Ag-Cu</sub> = 1.004 𝑎𝑡٪Au 𝜌Au + 1.03 𝑎𝑡٪Ag 𝜌Ag + 0.096 𝑎𝑡٪Cu 𝜌Cu + x − y
:: x = 0.35 ( cos(45+0.45 𝑎𝑡٪Au) + cos(45+0.45 𝑎𝑡٪Ag) + sin(𝑎𝑡٪Au) )
:: y = 0.005 (𝑎𝑡٪Au+𝑎𝑡٪Ag) cos(0.9 𝑎𝑡٪Cu) + 0.2 cos(3.2 𝑎𝑡٪Cu)
<dd><dl><dd>
{| class="tight center c1c"
|-
|style="vertical-align:middle;" rowspan=2 class=p0| 𝑎𝑡٪ᴍ₁
|style="vertical-align:middle;" rowspan=2| =
|style="border-bottom:1px solid black;"|<!-- N -->
{| class="tight c1c"
|style="border-bottom:1px solid black;"| 𝑤ᴍ₁
|-
| 𝐴ᵣᴍ₁
|}
|-
|<!-- D -->
{| class="tight c1c"
|class=p0|<!-- D1 -->
{| class="tight c1c"
|style="border-bottom:1px solid black;"| 𝑤ᴍ₁
|-
| 𝐴ᵣᴍ₁
|}
|style="vertical-align:middle;"| +
|class=p0|<!-- D2 -->
{| class="tight c1c"
|style="border-bottom:1px solid black;"| 𝑤ᴍ₂
|-
| 𝐴ᵣᴍ₂
|}
|style="vertical-align:middle;"| +
|class=p0|<!-- D3 -->
{| class="tight c1c"
|style="border-bottom:1px solid black;"| 𝑤ᴍ₃
|-
| 𝐴ᵣᴍ₃
|}
|style="vertical-align:middle;"| +
|style="vertical-align:middle;" class=p0| ⋯
|}<!-- End D -->
|}
</dd></dl></dd>
=== Hardness ===
{| class="tight c1sm"
|-
!
|-
| 1812 || Hᴍ || Hardness, Mohs
|-
| 1900 || Hʙ || Hardness, Brinell
|-
| 1908 || Hʏ || Hardness, Meyer
|-
| 1908 || Hʀ || Hardness, Rockwell
|-
| 1921 || Hᴠ || Hardness, Vickers
|-
| 1939 || Hᴋ || Hardness, Knoop
|-
| 1975 || Hʟ || Hardness, Leeb
|-
| 2000 || Hᴅ || Hardness, <small>D&D</small>/d20 || ≈ Hᴍ × 2
|}
;Check for accuracy
: Hʙ = Hᴠ ÷ 1.05 + 10
: Hᴠ = Hʙ × 1.05 &minus; 10.5


<pre>
== References ==
A# Sy Element Density Alloy
* {{cite |title=The Density of Gold-Silver-Copper Alloys and its Calculation from the Chemical Composition
  1 H Hydrogen 0.00008988 + {{{H|{{{Hydrogen|0}}}}}}/0.00008988
  |first1=J.C. |last1=Kraut |first2=W.B. |last2=Stern
  2 He Helium  0.0001786 + {{{He|{{{Helium|0}}}}}}/0.0001786
  |date=June 2000 |work=Gold Bulletin |vol=33 |iss=2 |pp=52–55
  3 Li Lithium 0.534  + {{{Li|{{{Lithium|0}}}}}}/0.534
  |doi=https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03216580
  4 Be Beryllium 1.85  + {{{Be|{{{Beryllium|0}}}}}}/1.85
  |pub=Springer-Verlag
  5 B Boron  2.08  + {{{B|{{{Boron|0}}}}}}/2.08
  |issn=0017-1557
  6 C Carbon  3.5155 + {{{C|{{{Carbon|0}}}}}}/3.5155
  |webissn=2190-7579
  6d di diamond 3.5155 + {{{di|{{{diamond|0}}}}}}/3.5155
  }}
  6g gr graphite 2.267  + {{{gr|{{{graphite|0}}}}}}/2.267
* {{cite |title=PGM Facies variations for Cu-PGE deposits in the Coldwell Alkaline Complex, Ontario, Canada |work=Ore Geology Reviews |iss=90 |date=April 2017 |doi=10.1016/j.oregeorev.2017.04.028 |first1=David |last1=Good |first2=Louis J. |last2=Cabri |first3=Doreen E. |last3=Ames}}
  7 N Nitrogen 0.0012504 + {{{N|{{{Nitrogen|0}}}}}}/0.0012504
:aurian silver (<50 at% Ag) – i.e. “Egyptian silver” derived from silver-rich alluvial gold deposits and alloyed with as much as 15% copper.
  8 O Oxygen  0.001429 + {{{O|{{{Oxygen|0}}}}}}/0.001429
:electrum (50–80 at% Ag)
  9 F Fluorine 0.001696 + {{{F|{{{Fluorine|0}}}}}}/0.001696
:gold (>80 at% Ag)
10 Ne Neon    0.0009002 + {{{Ne|{{{Neon|0}}}}}}/0.0009002
11 Na Sodium  0.968  + {{{Na|{{{Sodium|0}}}}}}/0.968
12 Mg Magnesium 1.738  + {{{Mg|{{{Magnesium|0}}}}}}/1.738
13 Al Aluminium 2.698  + {{{Al|{{{Aluminium|0}}}}}}/2.698
  14 Si Silicon 2.329  + {{{Si|{{{Silicon|0}}}}}}/2.329
15 P Phosphorus 1.823  + {{{P|{{{Phosphorus|0}}}}}}/1.823
16 S Sulfur  2.067  + {{{S|{{{Sulfur|0}}}}}}/2.067
17 Cl Chlorine 0.003214 + {{{Cl|{{{Chlorine|0}}}}}}/0.003214
18 Ar Argon  0.0017837 + {{{Ar|{{{Argon|0}}}}}}/0.0017837
19 K Potassium 0.862  + {{{K|{{{Potassium|0}}}}}}/0.862
20 Ca Calcium 1.55  + {{{Ca|{{{Calcium|0}}}}}}/1.55
21 Sc Scandium 2.985  + {{{Sc|{{{Scandium|0}}}}}}/2.985
22 Ti Titanium 4.506  + {{{Ti|{{{Titanium|0}}}}}}/4.506
  23 V Vanadium 6      + {{{V|{{{Vanadium|0}}}}}}/6
  24 Cr Chromium 7.19  + {{{Cr|{{{Chromium|0}}}}}}/7.19
25 Mn Manganese 7.21  + {{{Mn|{{{Manganese|0}}}}}}/7.21
  26 Fe Iron    7.8748 + {{{Fe|{{{Iron|0}}}}}}/7.8748
  27 Co Cobalt  8.9    + {{{Co|{{{Cobalt|0}}}}}}/8.9
28 Ni Nickel  8.9117 + {{{Ni|{{{Nickel|0}}}}}}/8.9117
29 Cu Copper  8.9331 + {{{Cu|{{{Copper|0}}}}}}/8.9331
30 Zn Zinc    7.134  + {{{Zn|{{{Zinc|0}}}}}}/7.134
31 Ga Gallium 5.907  + {{{Ga|{{{Gallium|0}}}}}}/5.907
32 Ge Germanium 5.323  + {{{Ge|{{{Germanium|0}}}}}}/5.323
33 As Arsenic 5.727  + {{{As|{{{Arsenic|0}}}}}}/5.727
34 Se Selenium 4.809  + {{{Se|{{{Selenium|0}}}}}}/4.809
35 Br Bromine 3.1028 + {{{Br|{{{Bromine|0}}}}}}/3.1028
36 Kr Krypton 0.003749 + {{{Kr|{{{Krypton|0}}}}}}/0.003749
37 Rb Rubidium 1.532  + {{{Rb|{{{Rubidium|0}}}}}}/1.532
38 Sr Strontium 2.64  + {{{Sr|{{{Strontium|0}}}}}}/2.64
39 Y Yttrium 4.472  + {{{Y|{{{Yttrium|0}}}}}}/4.472
40 Zr Zirconium 6.52  + {{{Zr|{{{Zirconium|0}}}}}}/6.52
41 Nb Niobium 8.57  + {{{Nb|{{{Niobium|0}}}}}}/8.57
42 Mo Molybdenum 10.28  + {{{Mo|{{{Molybdenum|0}}}}}}/10.28
43 Tc Technetium 11      + {{{Tc|{{{Technetium|0}}}}}}/11
44 Ru Ruthenium 12.45  + {{{Ru|{{{Ruthenium|0}}}}}}/12.45
45 Rh Rhodium 12.41  + {{{Rh|{{{Rhodium|0}}}}}}/12.41
46 Pd Palladium 12.023  + {{{Pd|{{{Palladium|0}}}}}}/12.023
47 Ag Silver  10.501  + {{{Ag|{{{Silver|0}}}}}}/10.501
48 Cd Cadmium 8.65  + {{{Cd|{{{Cadmium|0}}}}}}/8.65
49 In Indium  7.31  + {{{In|{{{Indium|0}}}}}}/7.31
50 Sn Tin    7.2867 + {{{Sn|{{{Tin|0}}}}}}/7.2867
51 Sb Antimony 6.697  + {{{Sb|{{{Antimony|0}}}}}}/6.697
52 Te Tellurium 6.24  + {{{Te|{{{Tellurium|0}}}}}}/6.24
53 I Iodine  4.933  + {{{I|{{{Iodine|0}}}}}}/4.933
54 Xe Xenon  0.005894 + {{{Xe|{{{Xenon|0}}}}}}/0.005894
55 Cs Caesium 1.886  + {{{Cs|{{{Caesium|0}}}}}}/1.886
56 Ba Barium  3.51  + {{{Ba|{{{Barium|0}}}}}}/3.51
57 La Lanthanum 6.162  + {{{La|{{{Lanthanum|0}}}}}}/6.162
58 Ce Cerium  6.77  + {{{Ce|{{{Cerium|0}}}}}}/6.77
59 Pr Praseodymium 6.773  + {{{Pr|{{{Praseodymium|0}}}}}}/6.773
60 Nd Neodymium 7.007  + {{{Nd|{{{Neodymium|0}}}}}}/7.007
61 Pm Promethium 7.26  + {{{Pm|{{{Promethium|0}}}}}}/7.26
62 Sm Samarium 7.52  + {{{Sm|{{{Samarium|0}}}}}}/7.52
63 Eu Europium 5.264  + {{{Eu|{{{Europium|0}}}}}}/5.264
64 Gd Gadolinium 7.895  + {{{Gd|{{{Gadolinium|0}}}}}}/7.895
65 Tb Terbium 8.229  + {{{Tb|{{{Terbium|0}}}}}}/8.229
66 Dy Dysprosium 8.54  + {{{Dy|{{{Dysprosium|0}}}}}}/8.54
67 Ho Holmium 8.795  + {{{Ho|{{{Holmium|0}}}}}}/8.795
68 Er Erbium  9.066  + {{{Er|{{{Erbium|0}}}}}}/9.066
69 Tm Thulium 9.321  + {{{Tm|{{{Thulium|0}}}}}}/9.321
70 Yb Ytterbium 6.9    + {{{Yb|{{{Ytterbium|0}}}}}}/6.9
71 Lu Lutetium 9.841  + {{{Lu|{{{Lutetium|0}}}}}}/9.841
72 Hf Hafnium 13.31  + {{{Hf|{{{Hafnium|0}}}}}}/13.31
73 Ta Tantalum 16.69  + {{{Ta|{{{Tantalum|0}}}}}}/16.69
74 W Tungsten 19.25  + {{{W|{{{Tungsten|0}}}}}}/19.25
75 Re Rhenium 21.02  + {{{Re|{{{Rhenium|0}}}}}}/21.02
76 Os Osmium  22.59  + {{{Os|{{{Osmium|0}}}}}}/22.59
77 Ir Iridium 22.56  + {{{Ir|{{{Iridium|0}}}}}}/22.56
78 Pt Platinum 21.46  + {{{Pt|{{{Platinum|0}}}}}}/21.46
79 Au Gold    19.282  + {{{Au|{{{Gold|0}}}}}}/19.282
80 Hg Mercury 13.5336 + {{{Hg|{{{Mercury|0}}}}}}/13.5336
81 Tl Thallium 11.85  + {{{Tl|{{{Thallium|0}}}}}}/11.85
82 Pb Lead    11.342  + {{{Pb|{{{Lead|0}}}}}}/11.342
83 Bi Bismuth 9.78  + {{{Bi|{{{Bismuth|0}}}}}}/9.78
84 Po Polonium 9.297  + {{{Po|{{{Polonium|0}}}}}}/9.297
85 At Astatine 6.35  + {{{At|{{{Astatine|0}}}}}}/6.35
86 Rn Radon  0.00973 + {{{Rn|{{{Radon|0}}}}}}/0.00973
87 Fr Francium 2.9    + {{{Fr|{{{Francium|0}}}}}}/2.9
88 Ra Radium  5.5    + {{{Ra|{{{Radium|0}}}}}}/5.5
89 Ac Actinium 10.07  + {{{Ac|{{{Actinium|0}}}}}}/10.07
90 Th Thorium 11.72  + {{{Th|{{{Thorium|0}}}}}}/11.72
91 Pa Protactinium 15.37  + {{{Pa|{{{Protactinium|0}}}}}}/15.37
92 U Uranium 19.1    + {{{U|{{{Uranium|0}}}}}}/19.1
93 Np Neptunium 19.915  + {{{Np|{{{Neptunium|0}}}}}}/19.915
94 Pu Plutonium 19.816  + {{{Pu|{{{Plutonium|0}}}}}}/19.816
95 Am Americium 12      + {{{Am|{{{Americium|0}}}}}}/12
96 Cm Curium  13.51  + {{{Cm|{{{Curium|0}}}}}}/13.51
97 Bk Berkelium 14.02  + {{{Bk|{{{Berkelium|0}}}}}}/14.02
98 Cf Californium 15.1    + {{{Cf|{{{Californium|0}}}}}}/15.1
99 Es Einsteinium 8.84  + {{{Es|{{{Einsteinium|0}}}}}}/8.84
100 Fm Fermium 9.71  + {{{Fm|{{{Fermium|0}}}}}}/9.71
101 Md Mendelevium 10.37  + {{{Md|{{{Mendelevium|0}}}}}}/10.37
102 No Nobelium 9.94  + {{{No|{{{Nobelium|0}}}}}}/9.94
103 Lr Lawrencium 16.1    + {{{Lr|{{{Lawrencium|0}}}}}}/16.1
104 Rf Rutherfordium 23.2    + {{{Rf|{{{Rutherfordium|0}}}}}}/23.2
105 Db Dubnium 29.3    + {{{Db|{{{Dubnium|0}}}}}}/29.3
106 Sg Seaborgium 35      + {{{Sg|{{{Seaborgium|0}}}}}}/35
107 Bh Bohrium 37.1    + {{{Bh|{{{Bohrium|0}}}}}}/37.1
108 Hs Hassium 40.7    + {{{Hs|{{{Hassium|0}}}}}}/40.7
109 Mt Meitnerium 37.4    + {{{Mt|{{{Meitnerium|0}}}}}}/37.4
110 Ds Darmstadtium 34.8    + {{{Ds|{{{Darmstadtium|0}}}}}}/34.8
111 Rg Roentgenium 28.7    + {{{Rg|{{{Roentgenium|0}}}}}}/28.7
112 Cn Copernicium 23.7    + {{{Cn|{{{Copernicium|0}}}}}}/23.7
113 Nh Nihonium 16      + {{{Nh|{{{Nihonium|0}}}}}}/16
114 Fl Flerovium 14      + {{{Fl|{{{Flerovium|0}}}}}}/14
115 Mc Moscovium 13.5    + {{{Mc|{{{Moscovium|0}}}}}}/13.5
116 Lv Livermorium 12.9    + {{{Lv|{{{Livermorium|0}}}}}}/12.9
117 Ts Tennessine 7.2    + {{{Ts|{{{Tennessine|0}}}}}}/7.2
118 Og Oganesson 5      + {{{Og|{{{Oganesson|0}}}}}}/5
</pre>

Latest revision as of 19:15, 5 April 2019

An alloy is a combination of metals or of metals and other elements.

Examples

Vanadium steel
Used in early Ford’s.
Crown gold
A 22 karat (kt) (916 2⁄3 fine) gold alloy used for English & UK gold coins from 1526 (Henry VIII) to 1914 (as currency), and since then for trade and bullion coins. (‌22⁄24 gold, ‌2⁄24 copper)
𝜌 = 17.61 g/㎝³
“Standard gold” (US)
A 900 fine gold alloy used for US coins. (90% gold, ≤5% silver, 5-10% copper)
𝜌 = 17.43±.12 g/㎝³
“Crown electrum” (d20)
A 4 ℥ 17 3⁄4 ʤ gold, 6 ℥ 3½ ʤ silver, 18 3⁄4 ʤ copper alloy worth ‌1⁄2 of crown gold by weight (presuming that sterling silver is worth ‌1⁄10 of crown gold by weight). (i.e. the d20 gold-silver standard)
Britannia silver
An 11 ℥ 10 ʤ (958 fine) silver alloy required in England for “wrought plate” (non-monetary silversmithing) from 1697–1720 to inhibit coin clipping and melting. (‌23⁄24 silver, ‌1⁄24 copper)
𝜌 = 10.42 g/㎝³
Sterling silver
An 11 ℥ 2 1⁄4 ʤ (926 fine) fine silver alloy used for English & UK silver coins from before 1158 (Henry II) to 1919. (92.6% silver, 7.4% copper)
𝜌 = 10.37 g/㎝³
“Standard silver” (US)
A 900 fine silver alloy used for US coins from ____ to 1964. (90% silver, 10% copper)
𝜌 = 10.32 g/㎝³
“Coin gold” (d20) 906 fine gold ‌29⁄32 gold, ‌3⁄32 copper 𝜌 = 17.42
“Coin electrum” (d20) 906 fine electrum ‌25⁄64 Au, ‌33⁄64 Ag, ‌3⁄32 Cu 𝜌 = 12.53
“Coin silver” (d20) 906 fine silver ‌29⁄32 silver, ‌3⁄32 copper 𝜌 = 10.33
“Coin copper” (d20) 906 fine copper ‌29⁄32 copper, ‌3⁄32 tin/zinc 𝜌 = 8.76
1700's katana steel 𝜌 = 7.74
1500's katana steel 𝜌 = 7.76
Alloy steel, AISI 5160 (UNS G51600)AZO
97.45% iron, 0.6% carbon, 0.8% chromium, 0.87% manganese, 0.22% silicon, 0.03% phosphorus, 0.03% sulfur.
𝜌 = 7.85
Tool Steel, A2 (UNS T30102)AZO
90.28% iron, 1% carbon, 5.13% chromium, 1% manganese, 0.5% silicon, 0.3% nickel, 1.15% molybdenum, 0.33% vanadium, 0.25% copper, 0.03% phosphorus, 0.03% sulfur.
𝜌 = 7.86

Density

ᴍ = material constituent
𝜌 = density (i.e. g/㎝³)
𝐴ᵣ = atomic weight
𝑤 = mass fraction (i.e. ‌9⁄10, .900 or 90%)
𝑎𝑡٪ = atomic percent
Alloy (general)
𝜌Alloy = 1
𝑤ᴍ₁
𝜌ᴍ₁
+
𝑤ᴍ₂
𝜌ᴍ₂
+
𝑤ᴍ₃
𝜌ᴍ₃
+ ⋯
Au-Ag
𝜌Au-Ag = 𝜌Au 𝑤Au + 𝜌Ag 𝑤Ag − 4 exp(0.005 𝑤Au) 𝑤Au 𝑤Ag
Au-Cu
𝜌Au-Cu = 𝜌Au 𝑤Au + 𝜌Cu 𝑤Cu − 5 exp(0.01 𝑤Au) 𝑤Au 𝑤Cu
Ag-Cu
𝜌Ag-Cu = 𝜌Ag 𝑤Ag + 𝜌Cu 𝑤Cu − 0.12 exp(0.02 𝑤Cu) 𝑤Ag 𝑤Cu
Au-Ag-Cu
𝜌Au-Ag-Cu = 1.004 𝑎𝑡٪Au 𝜌Au + 1.03 𝑎𝑡٪Ag 𝜌Ag + 0.096 𝑎𝑡٪Cu 𝜌Cu + x − y
x = 0.35 ( cos(45+0.45 𝑎𝑡٪Au) + cos(45+0.45 𝑎𝑡٪Ag) + sin(𝑎𝑡٪Au) )
y = 0.005 (𝑎𝑡٪Au+𝑎𝑡٪Ag) cos(0.9 𝑎𝑡٪Cu) + 0.2 cos(3.2 𝑎𝑡٪Cu)
𝑎𝑡٪ᴍ₁ =
𝑤ᴍ₁
𝐴ᵣᴍ₁
𝑤ᴍ₁
𝐴ᵣᴍ₁
+
𝑤ᴍ₂
𝐴ᵣᴍ₂
+
𝑤ᴍ₃
𝐴ᵣᴍ₃
+ ⋯

Hardness

1812 Hᴍ Hardness, Mohs
1900 Hʙ Hardness, Brinell
1908 Hʏ Hardness, Meyer
1908 Hʀ Hardness, Rockwell
1921 Hᴠ Hardness, Vickers
1939 Hᴋ Hardness, Knoop
1975 Hʟ Hardness, Leeb
2000 Hᴅ Hardness, D&D/d20 ≈ Hᴍ × 2
Check for accuracy
Hʙ = Hᴠ ÷ 1.05 + 10
Hᴠ = Hʙ × 1.05 − 10.5

References

  • Kraut, J.C.; Stern, W.B. (June 2000) “The Density of Gold-Silver-Copper Alloys and its Calculation from the Chemical Composition”. Gold Bulletin, Vol. 33, Iss. 2, pp. 52–55. Springer-Verlag. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03216580.
  • Good, David; Cabri, Louis J.; Ames, Doreen E. (April 2017) “PGM Facies variations for Cu-PGE deposits in the Coldwell Alkaline Complex, Ontario, Canada”. Ore Geology Reviews, Iss. 90. doi:10.1016/j.oregeorev.2017.04.028.
aurian silver (<50 at% Ag) – i.e. “Egyptian silver” derived from silver-rich alluvial gold deposits and alloyed with as much as 15% copper.
electrum (50–80 at% Ag)
gold (>80 at% Ag)
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